UNIT FOUR
PART
1
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
SECTION 1 THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO)
1. Give an oral summary of the information about IMO in English.
The International
Maritime Organization (IMO)
Shipping is perhaps the most international of all the world's great
industries - and one of the most dangerous. It has always been recognized that
the best way of improving safety at sea is by developing international
regulations that are followed by all shipping nations and from the mid-19th
century onwards a number of such treaties were adopted.
Several countries proposed that a permanent
international body should be established to promote maritime safety more
effectively, but it was not until the establishment of the United Nations
itself that these hopes were realized. In 1948 an international conference in
Its first task was to adopt a new version of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the most important of all
treaties dealing with maritime safety. This was achieved in 1960 and IMO then
turned its attention to such matters as the facilitation of international
maritime traffic, load lines and the carriage of dangerous goods.
But although safety was and remains IMO's most important
responsibility, a new problem was emerging - pollution. The growth
in the amount of
oil being transported by sea and in the size of oil tankers was a particular
concern. Pollution prevention was part of IMO's original mandate but in the
late 1960s a number of major tanker accidents resulted in further action being
taken.
During the next few years IMO introduced a series of measures designed
to prevent accidents and to minimize their consequences. It also tackled the
environmental threat caused by routine operations such as the cleaning of oil
cargo tanks and the disposal of engine room wastes - in tonnage terms a bigger
menace than accidents.
The most important of all these measures was a treaty usually known as
MARPOL 73/78 - it was adopted in two stages, in 1973 and 1978. It covers not
only accidental and operational oil pollution but also pollution by chemicals,
goods in packaged form, sewage and garbage.
Recent changes to the convention will make it necessary for all new
tankers to be fitted with double-hulls or a design that provides equivalent
cargo protection in the event of a collision or grounding. Since
IMO was also given the task of establishing a
system for providing compensation to those who had suffered financially as a
result of pollution. Two treaties were adopted, in 1969 and 1971, which enabled
victims of oil pollution to obtain compensation much more simply and quickly
than had been possible before. IMO followed up this success by developing a
number of other legal conventions, most of which concerned liability and
compensation issues.
Shipping, like all of modern life, has seen many
technological innovations and changes. Some of these have presented challenges
for the Organization and others opportunities. The enormous strides made in
communications technology, for example, have made it possible for IMO to
introduce major improvements into the maritime distress system.
In the 1970s a global search and rescue system was
initiated. The 1970s also saw the establishment of the International Mobile
Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) which has greatly improved the provision of
radio and other messages to ship. In
1992 a further advance was made when the Global Maritime Distress and Safety
System became operative. When it is fully in force in 1999, it will mean that a
ship that is in distress anywhere in the world can be virtually guaranteed
assistance, even if its crew does not have time to radio for help, as the
message will be transmitted automatically.
Other measures introduced by IMO have concerned the
safety of containers, bulk cargoes, liquefied gas tankers and other ship types.
Special attention has been paid to crew standards, including the adoption of a
special convention on standards of training, certification and watchkeeping.
The adoption of maritime legislation is still IMO's
best known responsibility. Around 40 conventions and protocols have been
adopted by the Organization and most of them have been amended on several
occasions to ensure that they are kept up to date with changes taking place in
world shipping.
But adopting treaties is not enough - they have to
be put into effect. This is the responsibility of Governments and there is no
doubt that the way in which this is done varies considerably from country to
country.
IMO has therefore developed a technical
co-operation programme which is designed to assist Governments which lack the
technical knowledge and resources that are needed to operate a shipping
industry successfully. The emphasis of this programme is very much on training
and perhaps the best example is the
With a staff of 300 people IMO is one of the smallest of all United
Nations agencies. But it has achieved considerable success in achieving its aim
of "safer shipping and cleaner oceans." The rate of serious
casualties at sea fell appreciably during the 1980s and estimates indicate that
oil pollution from ships was cut by around 60% during the same period.
The challenge now facing IMO and its 158
2. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
Agreement
The term
"agreement", like the term "treaty" itself, is used in a
number of senses. In a generic sense, it covers any meeting of minds — in this
case the minds of two or more international persons. A distinction must always
be drawn between agreements intended to have an obligatory character (i. e the
assumption of legal rights and duties) and agreements not intended to have such
a character. In a restricted sense, the term "agreement" means an
agreement intended to have an obligatory character but usually of a less formal
nature than a treaty Like treaties, agreements in this restricted sense may be
concluded between Heads of States, between States or between Governments
No doubt
because of its general and relatively innocuous meaning, "agreement"
is the term invariably used to describe understandings intended to have an
obligatory character concluded (a) between the United Nations and the
specialized agencies (including the "relationship agreements" covered
by Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter) and (b) between the specialized agencies
themselves ("inter-agency agreements").
A term substantially equivalent to "agreement''
is "arrangement" The view that an "agreement" implies an
undertaking somewhat more definite than an "arrangement" is not
believed to be correct Other terms sometimes used instead of
"agreement", though believed to be substantially similar, are.
(a) memorandum of understanding constituting an
agreement,
(b) understanding,
(c) agreed combined statement,
(d) memorandum constituting an agreement,
(e) joint declaration constituting an agreement.
Sometimes agreements are concluded between a Government Department in one
country and a Government Department in another. It depends on the circumstances
whether such "inter-departmental agreements" are binding under
international law or whether they are merely private law contracts.
Agreements are frequently concluded by exchange of
notes, sometimes referred to as "letters" In such cases, the representative
of one government sends the representative of another government a note setting
forth the arrangements proposed or to be agreed upon. The reply agrees to and
frequently repeats the terms of the first note.
A temporary or working arrangement made in order to
bridge over some difficulty pending a permanent settlement is usually referred
to as modus vivendi. This type of a temporary arrangement is made in a
most informal way and does not require ratification. Commercial agreements of
a temporary nature have often been entered into in the form of a modus
vivendi by the
Most agreements of a binding nature follow the same
compositional design, with some variation, as treaties and other international
compacts Generally speaking, "diplomats divide international agreements
into three parts. First, the preamble, which states the overall purpose of the
act. The second part embodies the substantive commitments undertaken by the
parties and comprises most of the "text". The third part is the
"final forms", more or less stereotyped, equivalent to the
precautions that governments have been traditionally called to take to
guarantee juridical regularity of the negotiation and the qualification of the
plenipotentiaries, and the specifications of how the agreement shall be brought
into force, how it may be terminated and, sometimes, how it may be amended This
is what is called the "protocolary" or "formal provisions".
A Answer the
questions:
1. What does the term "agreement" imply in a
generic and a restricted sense? 2. What is the main distinction between the
terms "treaty" and "agreement" used in a restricted sense?
3 What are "inter-agency argeements"? 4. What terms substantially
similar to "agreement" are employed in diplomatic practice? 5. What
is the general procedure of concluding an agreement by an exchange of notes? 6
What agreements are subject to ratification? 7. What is the compositional
design of most agreements of a binding nature?
B Study the use
of italicized words indifferent phrases, suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
AGREEMENT
arms-control ~; bilateral ~, cease-fire ~, commercial
~; cultural exchange ~; intergovernmental ~; interim ~; interstate ~; legally
binding ~, long term ~. multilateral ~; multipartite ~; mutual ~; preliminary
~; regional ~, quadri-partite ~; trade ~; trilateral ~: tripartite ~; ~ on the
establishment of diplomatic relations, ~ on limiting nuclear weapons, ~on
tariffs and trade, ~ of unlimited duration, ~ on a wide range of issues; in accordance
with the ~ achieved; to abrogate an ~; to annul an ~, to break an ~; to come to
an ~, to conclude an ~, to denounce an ~, to enter into an ~, to honour an ~,
to observe an ~; to ratify an ~, to reach ~, to sign an ~, to violate an ~.
COMMITMENT
international ~ s, interstate ~ s, treaty ~ s; ~ s arising out of
(from) the basic provisions (terms) of a treaty, a ~ to refrain from the threat
or use of force, to assume a ~, to make no ~ s, to meet one's ~, to shirk one's
~; to undertake a ~, to violate a ~.
C
. Suggest the English for:
1) безстрокова угода; 2)
тимчасова угода; 3) двостороння угода; 4) договірні зобов'язання; 5)
довгострокова угода; 6) міжнародні зобов'язання; 7) міжурядова угода; 8)
зобов'язання, що витікають із основних положень договору; 9) угода про
культурний обмін; 10) угода про встановлення дипломатичних відносин; 11) угода
з широкого кола питань; 12) тристороння угода; 13) юридично обов'язкова
угода.
3. Memorize the archaic words
below pertaining to the formal style. Translate into Ukrainian using the
following definitions:
thereafter: after that in time or
sequence; subsequently,
thereat: at that place, on that
account, after that,
thereby: by that means; as a result of that;
therefrom: from this (that);
therein: in that place; in that
respect;
thereinafter:in the following part
(of that document, speech, etc.);
thereinto: into that place; into
that matter, condition, etc.;
thereof: of that; concerning
that; from that as a cause;
thereon: on that; concerning
that subject, immediately following that;
thereto: to that place; in
addition to that; besides;
thereupon: soon or immediately
after that; concerning that subject;
therewith: in addition to that;
immediately thereafter.
3.1 Translate Into Ukrainian
paying attention to the words in bold type.
1. All documents signed at the
same time as an agreement or which are annexed thereto form a part of
the official text. 2. Such declarations shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof
to the parties to the Statute. 3. Any State Party to the present Covenant may
propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate any proposed
amendments to the States Parties to the present Covenant. 4. UNESCO is a
specialized agency responsible for taking such action as may be appropriate
under its basic instrument for the accomplishment of the purposes set forth therein.
5. In case of doubt as to the interpretation and application of any of the
foregoing Regulations, the Director-General is authorized to rule thereon.
6. Each State Party may at the time of signature or ratification of this
Convention or accession thereto declare that it does not consider itself
bound by paragraph 1 of this article. 7. The United Nations has condemned
colonialism and all practices of segregation and discrimination associated therewith.
4.
Study the plural forms of nouns borrowed from other languages (mostly
Latin). Mind that some of them have two plurals (English and foreign, e. g.
indexes, indices). The list given below shows the prescribed plurals of some of
these nouns in United Nations usage.
addendum - addenda, appendix - appendices, biennium -
bienniums, bureau - bureaux, criterion - criteria, curriculum - curricula,
datum - data, formula - formulas, forum - forums, genius - geniuses, gymnasium
- gymnasiums, honorarium - honorariums, hypothesis - hypotheses, index -
indexes, medium - mediums (But: media, for channels of information), memorandum
- memoranda, phenomenon - phenomena, referendum - referendums, series - series,
spectrum - spectra, stimulus - stimuli, stratum - strata, syllabus - syllabuses,
symposium - symposia, synopsis - synopses, thesis - theses.
4.1 Translate
Into English paying attention to the number of nouns.
1) у
відповідності з критеріями; 2) поширювати дані; 3) включати у навчальний план;
4) демографічні явища; 5) заохочувати використання засобів масової інформації;
6) прийняти порядок дня з внесеними виправленнями; 7) організувати регіональні
симпозіуми; 8) широкий спектр відомостей; 9) на протязі попередніх дворічних
періодів; 10) використовувати національні мови як засіб навчання
5. Translate into English paying attention to the
words and phrases in bold type.
УГОДА
між Урядом України Урядом Республіки
Перу про культурне та наукове співробітництво
Уряд України і Уряд Республіки Перу,
бажаючи зміцнювати відношення дружби між
народами обох країн шляхом співробітництва в галузі культури, освіти,
науки, мистецтва, преси, радіомовлення і телебачення, кінематографії, спорту, а
також в інших галузях, пов'язаних з культурною та науковою діяльністю на основі
взаємної поваги принципів національного суверенітету, рівноправності і невтручання
у внутрішні справи один другого,
згодились на нижченаведене:
Стаття 1
Сторони, що домовляються, будуть сприяти взаємному
ознайомленню з досягненнями в галузі освіти, науки і культури кожної зі сторін.
З цією метою вони будуть заохочувати переклад і поширення літературних
творів та наукових праць іншої Сторони, що представляє взаємну зацікавленість,
а також обмін інформацією, що відноситься до досягнень в галузі освіти,
науки, мистецтва і літератури.
1. Усяка спроба, направлена на те, щоб частково або повністю
порушити ззовні територіальну цілісність країни, несумісна з цілями і
принципами ООН. 2. Необхідно віддавати пріоритет у програмі соціальних наук їх
розвитку у країнах третього світу з тим, щоб дозволити їм краще
зрозуміти своє становище. 3. У межах цієї мети ЮНЕСКО доручено виконання
в Африці проекту надання допомоги Секретаріату Західноафриканської економічної
співдружності. 4. З цією метою необхідно приділяти більше уваги гармонізації політики у галузях
освіти та культури. 5. Цей підхід повинен мати на меті розвиток
здібності вирішувати сучасні проблеми. 6. Особливу увагу слід приділити
міжнародному співробітництву
з метою сприяння проведенню у життя довгострокових планів.
6. Translate into Ukrainian.
The
1. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent
in sovereignty; 2. Refraining from the threat or use of force against
territorial integrity or political independence of any state; 3. Inviolability
of one another's frontiers and the frontiers of all states in