1. Give an oral summary of the following text.
The fundamental
principles of Interpol
The purpose of the
Organization
Under Article 2 of the Organization's Constitution, Interpol aims: To
ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal
police authorities, within the limits of the laws existing in the different
countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To
establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the
prevention and suppression of ordinary law(1) crimes.
The limits of its actions are laid down in Article 3:
It is strictly forbidden for
the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political,
military, religious or racial character. According to the interpretation given
to Article 3, a political offence is one which is considered to be of a
predominantly political nature because of the surrounding circumstances and
underlying motives, even if the offence itself is covered by the ordinary
criminal law in the country in which it was committed. This interpretation,
based on the predominant aspects of the offence, was first mentioned in a
resolution adopted by the Interpol General Assembly in 1951. A resolution
adopted in 1984 states that, in general, offences are not considered to be
political when they are committed outside a 'conflict area', and when the
victims are not connected with the aims or objectives pursued by the offenders.
Article 4 states that: Any country may delegate as a Member to the
Organization any official police body whose functions come within the framework of activities of the
Organization. The request for membership shall be submitted to the Secretary
General by the appropriate governmental authority. Membership shall be subject
to approval by a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.
2. Translate the
following text into Ukrainian.
International police co-operation within Interpol has always been
conducted in accordance with the following guiding principles:
·Respect for national sovereignty. Co-operation is based on
actions taken by the police forces in the various Member States, operating
within their own national boundaries and in accordance with their own national
laws.
·Enforcement of ordinary criminal law (Articles 2 and 3 of the
Constitution). The Organization's field of activity is limited to crime
prevention and law enforcement in connection with ordinary criminal offences.
This is the only basis on which there can be agreement between all Member
States.
·Universality. Any
·Flexibility of working methods. Although governed by principles
designed to ensure regularity and continuity, working methods are flexible
enough to take account of the wide variety of structures and situations in
different countries.
Respect for these principles means that Interpol cannot have teams of
detectives with supranational powers who travel around investigating cases in
different countries. International police co-operation depends on
co-ordinated action on the part of the
Member States' law enforcement agencies, all of which may supply or request
information or services on different
occasions.
3. Read the
following text to speak on the administration and structure of Interpol.
Interpol has two inter-related governing bodies:
the General Assembly and the Executive Committee. These are deliberative
organs, with decision-making and supervisory powers, which meet periodically.
The Organization's permanent departments constitute the General Secretariat
which is responsible for implementing the decisions and recommendations adopted
by the two deliberative organs and whose close contacts with the Interpol
National Central Bureaus (NCBs) in the various Member States provide the
framework for day-to-day international police co-operation. The NCBs, which are
national bodies, are responsible for liaison between the Member States and with
the General Secretariat.
This is composed of delegates appointed by the
governments of Member States. As Interpol's supreme governing body, it meets
once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the
resources needed for international co-operation, working methods, finances and
programmes of activities. It also elects the Organization's officers. Generally
speaking, the Assembly takes decisions by a simple majority in the form of
resolutions. Each
Thirteen members are elected by the General Assembly from among the
Member States' delegates. They are elected on the basis of equitable geographic
distribution and must be from different countries. The President is elected for
a four-year term of office. He chairs General Assembly sessions and Executive
Committee meetings, makes certain that decisions taken by the Organization's
governing bodies are implemented, and maintains close contact with the
Secretary General.Three Vice-Presidents and nine ordinary members are all
elected for three-year terms of office.The Executive Committee usually meets
three times a year. It ensures that General Assembly decisions are implemented,
prepares the agenda for the General Assembly sessions, approves the programme
of activities and draft budget before they are submitted to the Assembly, and
supervises the management of the General Secretariat.
This is the
permanent administrative and technical body through which Interpol operates. It
implements the decisions taken by the General Assembly and the Executive
Committee, directs and co-ordinates action designed to combat international
crime, centralizes information on crime and criminals, and maintains contact
with national and international authorities. The General Secretariat comprises
the Secretary General and the technical and administrative personnel needed to
carry out the Organization's work. It is administered by the Secretary General
who is appointed by the General Assembly for a five-year term of office. He is
answerable to the General Assembly and the Executive Committee for the
Organization's general and financial management. General Secretariat staff are
international officials and, as such, must act solely in the interests of the
Organization. The General Secretariat comprises an Executive Office and five
Directorates, each responsible for specific tasks. The Executive Office and the
Financial Controller answer directly to the Secretary General.
This technical and administrative directorate,
which supports the Secretary General in his work, comprises an Executive Office
and secretariat; the Communication and Public Relations Sub-Directorate (see
section on External Relations); and the Technical Adviser's Office, which has
specific responsibility for the interface between the
Secretary General and the
Executive Committee, the co-ordination of the activities of the Executive
Committee, preparation of specialized studies and the implementation of the
strategic development plan.
4. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
Interpol's Relations with
International Organizations
United Nations: Interpol has always
worked closely with the United Nations on international economic and social
matters, particularly with the Centre for Human Rights and the Crime Prevention
and Criminal Justice Branch. This collaboration, which has developed steadily
over the years, was formally recognized in 1971 with the signature of a "Special
Arrangement" between the United Nations Economic and Social Council and
Interpol. In 1996, Interpol was granted the status of Observer at the UN
General Assembly.
Another United Nations body - the UN
International Drug Control Program - shares information with the
General Secretariat's Drugs Sub-Directorate and participates in its training
and co-operation programmes.
United Nations specialized
agencies and related institutions
International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) - on air transport security and on preventing and
combating unlawful interference with international civil aviation.
International Telecommunication
UNESCO - on the protection of
national artistic and cultural property and the prevention of thefts of works
of art.
World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) - in connection with offences against intellectual
property and copyright rules.
World Health Organization (WHO) - on matters relating to
the abuse of psychotropic substances.
Interpol has major links with the following
organizations:
World Customs Organization (WCO): Interpol maintains
close contact with WCO in order to ensure that police and customs officers can
work together in spheres where co-operation is essential, particularly in
activities to combat illicit drug traffic. A Memorandum of Understanding
between the two organizations was
signed at Interpol Headquarters in
Council of
Secretariat for the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES): Since many of
Interpol's Member States are trying to protect their fauna and flora, the
General Secretariat collaborates with CITES to combat traffic in endangered
species. A Memorandum of Understanding between the two organizations was signed
on
SECTION 3
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
1. Read and translate the text into your Ukrainian.
One of the main purposes of the
United Nations is "to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity
with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement
of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the
peace." It was with this aim in view that the Charter of the United
Nations created the International Court of Justice as one of the main organs of
the United Nations (Articles 1 and 7).
The importance of the place occupied by the Court in
the United Nations is emphasized by other provisions of the Charter: the Court
is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (Article 92); further,
the Security Council, when called upon to make recommendations in a dispute,
the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international
peace and security, should take into consideration that legal disputes should
as a general rule be referred by the parties to the International Court of
Justice (Article 36).
The idea of entrusting the
settlement of international disputes to an impartial authority, which would give a decision on the basis of
law, is a very old one. Examples are to be found in ancient
A further stage in the development
of the judicial settlement of international disputes was reached with the First
Hague Peace Conference of 1899. The Powers which took part in this Conference
signed the Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes and set up the Permanent Court of Arbitration It was maintained by the
Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907 and is still in existence.
The creation in 1920 of the
Permanent Court of International Justice, for which provision had been made in
the Covenant of the
In 1945, a new judicial organ, the
International Court of Justice, was brought into being by the Charter of the
United Nations. The Statute of the Court is annexed to the Charter, of which it
forms an integral part. Except for a few changes, most of which are purely
formal, it is similar to the Statute of the Permanent Court of Inter national
Justice Furthermore, when the new Court met, it adopted the Rules of Court of
its predecessor without any substantial change On 10 May 1972, however, certain
amendments were adopted, to take effect the following September, and, on 14
April 1978, the Court adopted a completely revised set of Rules, which came
into force on 1 July of that year. The modifications were aimed ill particular
at simplifying and accelerating proceedings, to the extent that this depended
on the Court, at introducing greater flexibility and at helping parties to keep
down costs.
In accordance with Article 38 of
its Statute, the International Court of Justice applies (a) international
conventions and treaties, (b) international custom, (c) the general principles
of law recognized by civilized nations, and (d) judicial decisions and the
teachings of the most highly qualified publicists as subsidiary means of the
determination of rules of law Furthermore, the Court may decide a case ex
aequo et bопо — that is,- according to the principles of equity — if the
parties agree thereto.
A
Answer the questions:
1. What was the aim of creating
the International Court of Justice' 2. Where should legal disputes be referred
to? 3 When does the modern development of international arbitration date from?
4 What was the role of the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899? 5. What marked
the greatest advance in the field of the judicial settlement of international
disputes? 6 When was a new judicial organ brought into being? 7 When did the
International Court of Justice adopt a completely revised set of Rules?
B Suggest the
Ukrainian for:
1) adjustment or settlement of international disputes;
2) annexed to the Charter; 3) the general principles of law recognized by civilized
nations; 4) an impartial authority; 5) a judicial organ; 6) a legal dispute; 7)
the principles of equity; 8) a revised set of Rules; 9) to decide a case; 10)
to endanger the maintenance of international peace; 11) to keep down costs; 12)
to simplify proceedings; 13) to take effect.
2. Memorize the phrases below, suggest their Ukrainian
equivalents.
1) the fiscal year; 2) the right of membership; 3) the
supreme power; 4) to assure the extensive interchange of information; 5) to be
best suited to; 6) to be eligible for re election; 7) to benefit by the
experience of others; 8) to be terminated by submission of a notice; 9) to
contribute effectively to; 10) to delegate one's power to; 11) to pay one's
subscriptions; 12) to regulate the activity.
3. Study the use of italicized words in different
phrases, suggest their Russian equivalents.
~
effect; ~ effects; ~ entity; ~ implications; ~ instrument; ~ force of an
agreement; ~ personality; ~ protection; ~ relations; ~ unit; ~ validity; ~
views; international ~ guarantees; international ~ norms.
~
decision; ~ organ; ~ proceedings; to take (bring) ~ proceedings against smb.
~ person; ~ days.
4. Memorize the phrases below, suggest their Ukrainian
equivalents.
1) to all and singular to whom these Presents shall
come, greeting; 2) in pursuance of the aforesaid advice and consent of the
Senate; 3) now, therefore, be it known that; 4) I do hereby declare that; 5)
for the greater testimony and validity of all; 6) I have the honour to transmit
herewith the Instrument of Ratification; 7) to perform and carry out all the
stipulations therein contained.
5. Study the use of italicized words In different
phrases, suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
instruments
of ~; ~ to a treaty; ~ to the throne; ~ of new members.
a constituent ~; an international ~; a legal ~; a legally binding ~;
an ~ of accession; an ~ of aggression; an ~ of ratification; an ~ of surrender;
adoption of new ~s; a compilation of international ~ s of the United Nations.
5.1 Suggest the English for:
1) акт про приєднання; 2) поповнення
(організації) новими членами; 3) ратифікаційна грамота; 4) установчий акт; 5)
юридично обов’язковий документ.
6. Translate
into Ukrainian taking note of the words and phrases in bold type.
1. In view of the fact that
the term of office of three members of the Commission was due to expire on
7. Memorize the phrases below,
suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
1) the states concerned; 2) a
treaty left open for accession; 3) a unilateral statement; 4) concerning the
terms of a treaty; 5) to accept a reservation; 6) to be bound by a treaty; 7)
to make a counter offer, 8) to modify the legal effect of certain provisions;
9) to require acceptance; 10) to reopen the negotiations.
8. Suggest the English for:
1)
на підставі письмової заявки; 2) після представлення Генеральним секретарем
відповідної кандидатури; 3) за рекомендацією Виконавчої Ради ЮНЕСКО; 4) після
відповідного оповіщення; 5) за угодою зацікавлених сторін; 6) при вступі на
посаду; 7) при вступі у силу.
9. Translate into Ukrainian taking note of the words and phrases in bold
type.
1. It is essential that all
parties to the treaty should assent to the making of the reservation. 2.
Without the consent of all the parties, a reservation proposed in
relation to a multilateral convention cannot become effective and the
reserving state cannot become a party thereto. 3. In order that
any reservation whatever may be validly made in regard to a clause
of the treaty, it is essential that this reservation should be accepted by
all the contracting parties. 4. A state which has made and maintained
a reservation which has been objected to by one or more of the parties to the
convention but not by others, can be regarded as being a party to the
convention if the reservation is compatible with the object and purpose
of the convention. 5. If a party to the convention objects to a
reservation which it considers to be incompatible with the object and
purpose of the convention, it can in fact consider that the reserving state is
not a party to the convention.
10. Read the following text, translate into Ukrainian.
When a mistake is discovered in a signed treaty
awaiting ratification, it may be corrected by, and the correction may be
initialled by the plenipotentiaries who signed the treaty.
When it is desired to amend a treaty already ratified, or already
signed and not requiring ratification, the amendment should take the form
either (a) of a new treaty embodying the amendment or (b) of an Exchange of
Notes or a Protocol placing it on record that, notwithstanding the text of the
treaty as signed or as signed and ratified, it was to be regarded as being in force
in its amended form as from the date on which it entered into force or the date
of ratification or some other specified date.
ENGLISH IDIOMS
SECTION 1
MEDICAL IDIOMS
1. Study These Idioms and their Meanings. Give their Ukrainian
equivalents.
at death's door - very near death
back on one's feet - physically healthy again
black out - lose consciousness, faint
break out - begin showing a rash or other skin disorder
breathe one's last - to die
bring around/round - restore to health or consciousness, cure
bring to - restore
to consciousness, wake from sleep / anesthesia / hypnosis /
fainting etc
catch a cold - get a cold
catch one's death of cold - become very ill (with a cold, flu etc)
check-up - a periodic inspection of a patient by a doctor
1.1 Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the use of
the idioms.
1. The Prime Minister was at death's door
after suffering a serious stroke. 2. My mother is back on her feet again after
being sick with the flu for two weeks. 3. The football player blacked out after
being hit by the other player. 4. I broke out in a terrible rash after eating
the raw shrimp at the restaurant. 5. The man finally breathed his last after a
long illness. 6. The medical workers were able to bring the man around after
the accident. 7. The woman was brought to soon after the car accident. 8. I
caught a bad cold last week and had to miss three weeks of work. 9. The little
boy was told to be careful in the rain or he would catch his death of cold. 10.
I went to have my annual check-up last week.
1.2 Group work:
a) Student A makes up
sentences with the idioms from (1); Student B translates them into Ukrainian;
b) Student C makes up
sentences in Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (1); Student
D translates them into English;
c) Student E makes up a
situation with the idioms from (1); Student F translates it into Ukrainian;
d) Student G makes up a
situation in Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (1);
Student H translates them into English.
2. Study These Idioms and their Meanings. Give their Ukrainian
equivalents.
clean bill of health - a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
come down with - become sick with, catch
couch doctor - a psychoanalyst who puts his patients on a couch
dose/taste of one's own medicine - being treated in the same way as one treats
others (usually a negative meaning)
draw blood - make someone bleed, get blood from someone
fall ill - become sick or ill
feel on top of the world - feel very healthy
flare up - to begin again suddenly (illness etc)
flare-up - a sudden worsening of a health condition
go under the knife - be operated on in surgery
2.1 Translate
the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the use of the idioms.
1. The doctor gave me a clean bill of health when
I visited him last month. 2. My niece came down with a bad cold and was unable
to visit me last week. 3. He was sent to see a couch doctor after his continued
problems at work. 4. Our boss got a taste of his own medicine when people began
to ignore him as he had always done to them. 5. The doctor decided to draw some
blood from the patient to check up on his blood sugar level. 6. The man fell
ill last winter and has not recovered yet. 7. I have been feeling on top of the
world since I quit my job. 8. My mother's skin problems flared up when she
started to use the new laundry soap. 9. His arthritus usually flares up every
winter. 10. His wife went under the knife at the hospital last evening.
2.2 Group work:
a) Student A makes up
sentences with the idioms from (2); Student B translates them into Ukrainian;
b) Student C makes up
sentences in Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (2);
Student D translates them into English;
c) Student E makes up a
situation with the idioms from (2); Student F translates it into Ukrainian;
d) Student G makes up a
situation in Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (2);
Student H translates them into English.
3. Study These
Idioms and their Meanings. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.
hang out one's shingle - give public notice of the opening of a
doctor's office
etc
have a physical
(examination) - get a
medical check-up
head shrinker - a psychiatrist
just what the doctor ordered
- exactly what is needed
or wanted
look the picture of health - be in good health
on the mend - healing, becoming better
out cold - unconscious, in a faint
over the worst - recovering from an illness
pull through - recover from a serious illness
run a temperature - have a higher than normal body
temperature
3.1 Translate
the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the use of the idioms.
1. The doctor decided to hang
up his shingle as soon as he finished medical school. 2. Our company sent all
the employees to have a physical last week. 3. The man was told to go and see a
head shrinker after he threatened the woman in the store several times. 4. A
nice hot bath was just what the doctor ordered. 5. My uncle was looking the
picture of health when I saw him last week. 6. My grandfather is on the mend
after he broke his leg last week. 7. As soon as the patient entered the
operating room he was out cold because of the anesthesia. 8. My brother is over
the worst since his skiing accident last month. 9. The car accident was very
bad and I don't think that the driver will pull through. 10. The little boy is
running a temperature and should stay in bed all day.
3.2 Group work:
a) Student A makes up
sentences with the idioms from (3); Student B translates them into Ukrainian;
b) Student C makes up
sentences in Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (3);
Student D translates them into English;
c) Student E makes up a
situation with the idioms from (3); Student F translates it into Ukrainian;
d) Student G makes up a
situation in Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (3);
Student H translates them into English.
4. Study These Idioms and their Meanings. Give their Ukrainian
equivalents.
run down - get into poor condition
run some tests - a doctor does some medical tests on a patient
splitting headache - a severe headache
take a turn for the worse - become sicker
take someone's temperature - measure someone's body temperature
throw up - vomit
under the weather - not feeling well
4.1 Translate
the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the use of the idioms.
1. He was working very hard
last month and has become very run down. 2. The doctor has decided to run some
tests on the patient. 3.I have been suffering from a splitting headache all
morning. 4. My aunt took a turn for the worse last week and is still in the
hospital. 5. The nurse took my temperature when I went to the hospital
yesterday. 6. The woman threw up several times after eating the bad shellfish.
7. My boss has been feeling under the weather all week and has not come to work
during that time.
4.2 Group work:
a) Student A makes up sentences with the
idioms from (4); Student B translates them into Ukrainian;
b) Student C makes up sentences in
Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (4); Student D
translates them into English;
c) Student E makes up a situation with the
idioms from (4); Student F translates it into Ukrainian;
d) Student G makes up a situation in
Ukrainian using Ukrainian equivalents of the idioms from (4); Student H
translates them into English.
Check your knowledge of medical idioms
Choose an idiom
at the bottom to replace the expression in the brackets below. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian.
Variant 1
1. When we arrived at the scene of the
car accident the driver was (near death).
(a) hanging out his shingle (b) drawing blood (c) at
death's door (d) going under the knife
2. After walking home
in the rain I (became sick with) a cold.
(a) broke out in (b) came down with (c) took a turn
for the worse with (d) blacked out with
3. My father is
(healthy again) after his recent illness.
(a) back on his feet (b) under the weather (c)
breathing his last (d) having a physical
4. Our secretary has
been working too hard and is (getting into poor condition).
(a) over the worst (b) getting a splitting headache
(c) back on her feet (d) becoming run down
5. Although the man was
very sick I think that he will (recover).
(a) run a temperature (b) throw up (c) pull through
(d) flare up
Variant 2
1. I went to the doctor
last week and (got a medical check-up).
(a) ran a temperature (b) had a physical (c) felt on
top of the world (d) went under the knife
2. After eating the
seafood at the food court the man began to (vomit).
(a) throw up (b) pull through (c) flare up (d) break
out
3. The man was forced
to (go to a psychiatrist) after he killed the two women.
(a) go to a head shrinker(b) go under the knife
(c) breathe his last (d) pull through
4. The trainer was
quickly able to (restore to consciousness) the boxer who had fainted and fell
to the floor.
(a) throw up (b) pull through (c) bring to (d) black
out
5. Last night my
grandmother (became sicker).
(a) went under the knife (b) felt on top of the
world (c) breathed her last (d) took a turn for the worse